Easy2Siksha Sample Papers
GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Questions
B.A. 3rd Semester
PHILOSOPHY (Deductive Logic & Applied Ethics)
Based on GNDU Question Paper Trend (2022–2024)
Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Logic – Basic Concepts & Foundations)
1. Definition, Nature & Utility of Logic
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1a)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Logic is a foundational question — appears in almost every paper variation in
short or long form.
2. Concept of Terms and Their Significance in Logic
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1b)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
3. Inverse Relation Between Connotation and Denotation
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1c)
Probability for 2025: (90%)
2025 Smart Prediction Table
(Based on GNDU 2022 Paper Pattern)
No.
Question Topic
Years Appeared
Probability for 2025
1
Definition & Utility of Logic
2022
(100%)
2
Concept of Terms & Significance
2022
(100%)
2025 GUARANTEED QUESTIONS (100% Appearance Trend)
Top 7 Must-Prepare Topics
1. Laws of Thought – Meaning and Justification
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2. Deductive vs Inductive Inference – Key Differences
GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Answers
B.A. 3rd Semester
PHILOSOPHY (Deductive Logic & Applied Ethics)
Based on GNDU Question Paper Trend (2022–2024)
Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Logic – Basic Concepts & Foundations)
1. Definition, Nature & Utility of Logic
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1a)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Logic is a foundational question — appears in almost every paper variation in short
or long form.
Ans: Logic – The Compass of Human Thought
Imagine a young explorer, Aarav, standing at the edge of a dense, mysterious forest. He
has a map, a compass, and a sense of direction, yet the path ahead looks confusing. At
every step, he faces choices: left or right, uphill or downhill, across streams or around
them. What helps him navigate safely? Not luck, not guesswork — but a method, a way
of thinking that guides his decisions. In life, that guiding tool is logic.
Logic is like that compass — it helps humans move through the dense forest of thoughts,
ideas, and decisions without getting lost in confusion or error.
Definition of Logic
To understand logic clearly, let’s step into the world of scholars and philosophers.
Logic can be defined in simple words as:
“The science or art of reasoning correctly, systematically, and objectively.”
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It studies the principles of correct thinking, helping us distinguish between valid
arguments and faulty reasoning, between truth and error.
Imagine you are solving a mystery — you gather clues, analyze them carefully, and reach
a conclusion. Logic is the method that ensures your conclusion is reliable, not just a
random guess.
Philosophers also define logic in slightly different ways:
• Aristotle, the father of logic, called it “the science of reasoning” — focusing on
methods to reason correctly.
• Modern thinkers often describe logic as a tool to think clearly, make decisions,
and solve problems effectively.
The Nature of Logic
Now, let’s explore the nature of logic — what makes it so special and universal. Logic is
not a thing you can touch or see, but it is ever-present in human thought.
1. Universal – Logic is applicable everywhere. Whether you are a scientist, a farmer,
a student, or a shopkeeper, logical thinking helps in making decisions. It is not
limited to books or classrooms. For instance, when a farmer decides which crops
to sow based on weather and soil, he is using logic.
2. Systematic – Logic follows a structured method. It is like building a house brick by
brick. You cannot place the roof before laying the foundation. Similarly, in
reasoning, premises lead to conclusions in an orderly way.
3. Objective – Logic is impartial. It does not depend on personal likes, dislikes, or
feelings. Imagine two friends arguing about who will win a race. Logic doesn’t
care about friendship or bias; it evaluates facts, evidence, and probability.
4. Science of Reasoning – Logic studies the laws of thought: principles like the law
of non-contradiction (a thing cannot be true and false at the same time) and the
law of identity (something is what it is). These principles guide valid thinking.
5. Both Theoretical and Practical – Logic is theoretical because it studies reasoning
principles, and practical because it is applied in daily life, problem-solving, and
decision-making.
Utility of Logic
Now comes the exciting part — why logic matters so much in life. Imagine a world
without logic. Every decision would be a guess. Every argument would be a clash of
opinions without clarity. Confusion and chaos would reign. Logic is like a lighthouse
guiding ships in a stormy sea. Let’s see its practical utility:
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1. Logic in Everyday Life
Every day, humans make thousands of decisions — from choosing what to eat, to
planning a journey, to deciding how to invest money. Logic helps us evaluate options,
weigh pros and cons, and make rational choices.
For example:
A student deciding between two colleges will compare faculty, facilities, fees, and
location. By reasoning through these factors logically, the student reaches a decision
that is rational and suitable, not impulsive.
2. Logic in Education and Learning
Logic is the backbone of education. Whether learning science, history, or mathematics,
reasoning helps understand concepts deeply, solve problems efficiently, and analyze
information critically.
Consider mathematics: every theorem, proof, or formula is a product of logical thinking.
Without logic, even the most brilliant ideas would remain confused thoughts,
impossible to communicate or apply.
3. Logic in Argumentation and Debate
Imagine two people debating a social issue. Without logic, their debate would be full of
emotional statements, opinions, and personal attacks. Logic introduces structure,
clarity, and credibility. Arguments supported by facts and reasoning are respected;
illogical claims are easily dismissed.
For example:
• Claim: “Pollution is bad.” (opinion)
• Logical argument: “Pollution causes respiratory diseases and environmental
damage; therefore, it must be controlled.” (supported by reasoning and
evidence)
4. Logic in Science and Technology
Science is impossible without logic. Every experiment, observation, or innovation
depends on cause and effect, analysis, and deduction. Logic allows scientists to form
hypotheses, test them, and draw reliable conclusions.
Think of modern inventions — computers, smartphones, medicines. Every step, from
idea to execution, is guided by logical thinking. Logic is the silent architect behind every
breakthrough.
5. Logic in Law and Justice
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In courts, logic is the foundation of justice. Judges and lawyers reason carefully,
evaluate evidence, and apply laws. A fair judgment depends on logical evaluation, not
personal opinion. Imagine a world where logic didn’t guide law — chaos and injustice
would rule.
6. Logic in Personal Development
On a personal level, logic trains the mind to think clearly, analyze situations, and avoid
errors. It reduces impulsive decisions, misunderstandings, and conflicts. A logically
trained mind is more confident, rational, and self-aware.
Logic as a Storyteller
To truly understand the utility of logic, think of it as a storyteller. Life presents us with
puzzles, mysteries, and choices. Logic narrates the story, showing how each event leads
to another, what actions are wise, and which paths are dangerous. It doesn’t impose; it
illuminates. And once we learn its language, life becomes a guided journey rather than a
chaotic drift.
Conclusion – The Gift of Logic
Logic is humanity’s compass, lighthouse, and teacher rolled into one. Its definition
reminds us it is the science of reasoning. Its nature reveals that it is universal,
systematic, objective, and practical. Its utility shows why it is indispensable — from daily
life to science, education, law, and personal growth.
Just as Aarav navigates through the forest safely using his map and compass, humans
navigate the world of thoughts, challenges, and decisions with logic. It is not a luxury; it
is a necessity for every intelligent mind.
In short, logic is not just a subject to study in books. It is a living tool, guiding us to think
clearly, act wisely, and live meaningfully. The more we practice it, the brighter our path
becomes, and the fewer mistakes we make.
By nurturing logic in our minds, we embrace a gift that transforms confusion into clarity,
chaos into order, and opinion into reasoned truth.
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2. Concept of Terms and Their Significance in Logic
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1b)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Ans: Concept of Terms and Their Significance in Logic
A Fresh Beginning
Imagine you are in a courtroom. The lawyer stands up and says: “All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.”
The judge nods, the jury understands, and the case moves forward. But pause for a
moment—what made this argument so clear and convincing? It wasn’t just the words. It
was the logical structure behind them. And at the heart of that structure lies something
very simple, yet very powerful: the concept of terms.
In logic, terms are like the building blocks of thought. Just as bricks build a house, terms
build arguments. Without them, reasoning collapses. With them, reasoning becomes
sharp, precise, and reliable.
Let’s now explore the concept of terms and their significance in logic—not as dry
definitions, but as a story of how human beings learned to think clearly, argue
effectively, and discover truth.
Chapter 1: What Is a Term in Logic?
In everyday language, a “term” might mean a word or phrase. But in logic, it has a
special meaning.
• A term is a word or group of words that can stand for a thing, concept, or class of
things.
• It is the basic unit of thought in logic, used in propositions and arguments.
For example:
• In the statement “All men are mortal,” the terms are men and mortal.
• In “Socrates is a man,” the terms are Socrates and man.
Terms are not just words—they are symbols of ideas. They connect language to
thought.
Chapter 2: Types of Terms – The Characters of Logic’s Story
Just like a story has different characters, logic has different types of terms. Let’s meet
them.
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1. Singular Terms
• Refer to one specific object.
• Example: Socrates, Delhi, The Sun.
• They point to a unique individual.
2. General Terms
• Refer to a class or category.
• Example: Man, City, Planet.
• They apply to many individuals at once.
3. Concrete Terms
• Refer to things that exist physically.
• Example: Tree, Dog, House.
4. Abstract Terms
• Refer to qualities or ideas.
• Example: Honesty, Beauty, Courage.
5. Positive and Negative Terms
• Positive: Express what something is (brave, kind).
• Negative: Express what something is not (cowardly, unkind).
6. Relative Terms
• Express a relation between two things.
• Example: Father (implies child), Teacher (implies student).
Each type of term plays a role in building logical statements, just like characters play
roles in a drama.
Chapter 3: Terms in Propositions – The Grammar of Thought
A proposition is a statement that affirms or denies something. And every proposition
has three parts:
1. Subject Term (S) – what we are talking about.
2. Predicate Term (P) – what we are saying about it.
3. Copula – the link between subject and predicate (usually “is” or “are”).
Example: “All men are mortal.”
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• Subject Term = Men
• Predicate Term = Mortal
• Copula = Are
Without terms, propositions cannot exist. Without propositions, arguments cannot
exist. Terms are the alphabet of logic.
Chapter 4: The Significance of Terms in Logic
Why are terms so important? Let’s explore their significance step by step.
1. Clarity of Thought
Terms give precision to ideas. Instead of vague feelings, we use clear terms like justice,
democracy, triangle. This makes reasoning sharp.
2. Foundation of Arguments
Every argument is built from propositions, and every proposition is built from terms.
Without terms, logic has no foundation.
3. Avoiding Fallacies
Many logical fallacies arise from confusing terms. For example:
• “All banks are beside rivers. This is a bank. So it must be beside a river.” Here, the
term bank is used in two different senses (financial institution vs. riverbank).
Clear terms prevent such errors.
4. Communication of Knowledge
Terms allow us to share ideas. Without them, knowledge would remain locked in
individual minds.
5. Scientific Progress
Science depends on precise definitions (terms). For example, defining atom, gravity,
evolution allowed scientists to build theories.
Terms are not just academic—they are the tools of human progress.
Chapter 5: Historical Development – From Aristotle to Modern Logic
The concept of terms has a long history.
Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
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• Called the “Father of Logic.”
• Developed syllogistic logic, where arguments are built from terms.
• Example:
o All men are mortal.
o Socrates is a man.
o Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Medieval Logicians
• Expanded Aristotle’s ideas.
• Focused on categorical propositions and the role of terms.
Modern Logic
• With symbolic logic, terms became more abstract (variables, constants).
• Example: ∀x (Man(x) → Mortal(x)) Here, Man(x) and Mortal(x) are terms in
symbolic form.
From Aristotle to modern times, terms have remained the core of logical reasoning.
Chapter 6: Examples in Daily Life – Logic in Action
Logic is not just for philosophers—it’s everywhere.
Example 1: Shopping
• Proposition: “All discounts save money. This offer is a discount. Therefore, it saves
money.”
• Terms: discount, money, offer.
Example 2: Medicine
• Proposition: “All antibiotics fight infection. Penicillin is an antibiotic. Therefore, it
fights infection.”
• Terms: antibiotic, infection, penicillin.
Example 3: Law
• Proposition: “All thefts are crimes. This act is theft. Therefore, it is a crime.”
• Terms: theft, crime, act.
Terms make reasoning practical and universal.
Chapter 7: Common Mistakes with Terms
Even though terms are simple, they can be misused.
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1. Ambiguity – Using the same term in different senses. (Bank example).
2. Vagueness – Using unclear terms like thing, stuff, nice.
3. Overgeneralization – Using terms too broadly. (All politicians are corrupt).
4. Emotional Terms – Using terms that appeal to feelings instead of reason.
(Traitor, hero).
Good logic requires clear, consistent, and precise terms.
Chapter 8: Why Students Should Care
For students, understanding terms is not just about passing exams. It’s about:
• Writing clear essays.
• Making strong arguments in debates.
• Avoiding confusion in reasoning.
• Building a foundation for philosophy, mathematics, and science.
Mastering terms is like learning the alphabet of rational thought.
A Humanized Conclusion
Terms may look small, but they carry the weight of thought. They are the bridge
between language and logic, between words and ideas, between individuals and society.
When we say “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal,” we
are not just repeating an old example—we are witnessing the power of terms to create
clarity, truth, and understanding.
3. Inverse Relation Between Connotation and Denotation
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1c)
Probability for 2025: (90%)
Ans: Inverse Relation Between Connotation and Denotation
Imagine you are walking through a bustling street market. Everywhere you look, there
are signs, words, and labels. A shopkeeper shouts, “Fresh apple!” A child looks at it and
thinks of a juicy, red fruit. A poet walking by sees the same word and suddenly imagines
innocence, temptation, or even knowledge — like in the story of Adam and Eve.
This simple moment is actually the key to understanding the fascinating concept of
connotation and denotation — and how they sometimes have an inverse relationship.
Let’s take this journey step by step, as if we are uncovering a secret story behind every
word.
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Step 1: Understanding Denotation – Words as Their Literal Self
First, imagine words as plain, straightforward people. They say exactly what they mean,
no hidden feelings, no extra meanings. This is denotation — the literal, dictionary
definition of a word.
For example:
• The word “snake” literally denotes a long, slithering reptile.
• The word “rose” literally denotes a type of flowering plant.
Denotation is like a photograph — it captures the object as it is, without adding any
emotion or personal interpretation. In our street market, when the shopkeeper says
“apple,” the denotation is simple: it is a fruit you can eat.
Denotation is the anchor of language. Without it, communication would be impossible,
because everyone needs to understand the basic, agreed-upon meaning of words.
Step 2: Understanding Connotation – Words with Feelings and Associations
Now, imagine the same words walking into an art gallery. Suddenly, they are no longer
just literal objects. They carry emotions, memories, or ideas. This is connotation — the
emotional or cultural association of a word, beyond its literal meaning.
Using the same examples:
• Snake: Besides being a reptile, it can symbolize danger, betrayal, or temptation.
• Rose: Besides being a flower, it can symbolize love, beauty, or even secrecy (“sub
rosa”).
Connotation is subjective. It changes depending on culture, experience, or context. A
snake might seem scary to a farmer but sacred to a worshipper of Lord Shiva. A rose
might remind a lover of romance, or a gardener of spring planting.
In short, connotation is like a story or memory attached to a word — it is alive,
emotional, and full of shades.
Step 3: When Connotation and Denotation Move in Opposite Directions
Now, here’s where the story gets exciting. Sometimes, denotation and connotation
move in opposite directions — this is called an inverse relationship.
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Think of it as a seesaw:
• On one side is denotation — the literal meaning.
• On the other side is connotation — the emotional meaning.
When one side goes up, the other may go down. Let’s explore some examples.
Example 1: “Cheap”
• Denotation: Low in cost or price.
• Connotation: Inferior in quality, low-class, or undesirable.
Here, the literal meaning seems positive — affordable, good for the budget — but the
emotional or cultural association is often negative. The inverse relationship is clear:
what is neutral or positive in denotation becomes negative in connotation.
Example 2: “Thin”
• Denotation: Having little thickness.
• Connotation: Can imply frailty, weakness, or illness, rather than simply being
slim.
Again, a straightforward description in denotation can carry a negative emotional impact
in connotation.
Example 3: “Discipline”
• Denotation: Training to obey rules or maintain order.
• Connotation: Sometimes evokes fear, oppression, or harshness, rather than the
neutral idea of training.
Here, the literal meaning is positive or neutral, but connotation can be negative,
showing an inverse relationship.
Step 4: Why This Inverse Relationship Matters
Imagine you are a writer, a speaker, or even a teacher. Words are your tools, and
understanding this inverse relationship is like holding a magic key.
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1. It prevents misunderstandings: Knowing that a word’s connotation might differ
from its literal meaning helps you communicate more carefully. For example,
calling a low-cost product “cheap” might offend customers — “affordable” could
be safer.
2. It enriches language: Writers and poets use this tension to create depth. A
“snake” in a poem can mean betrayal, danger, or transformation, even if literally
it is just an animal.
3. It reflects culture and emotions: Words carry history, tradition, and emotion.
Their connotations reveal what society values, fears, or admires.
Step 5: A Story to Illustrate the Concept
Let’s bring this to life with a simple story.
There was a village teacher named Meera, who wanted to teach her students about
words. She picked a word: “Home.”
• Denotatively, a home is simply a place where people live.
• Connotatively, it is warmth, love, safety, memories of childhood, and family
gatherings.
Then she picked another word: “Cottage.”
• Denotatively, a cottage is a small house.
• Connotatively, it might suggest charm, simplicity, or even poverty, depending on
who interprets it.
Here’s the twist: Some students thought a cottage was cozy and lovely; others thought it
meant small and uncomfortable. The denotation was stable — a small house — but the
connotation varied, showing how the emotional meaning can sometimes move away
from the literal meaning, or even seem opposite depending on context.
This story captures the essence of the inverse relationship: one word, one literal
meaning, many emotional directions.
Step 6: How to Spot This Inverse Relationship
To understand the inverse relationship in real life:
1. Ask: What does the word literally mean? (Denotation)
2. Ask: How do people feel about this word? (Connotation)
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3. Compare: If the feelings are opposite to the literal meaning, you have found the
inverse relationship.
Example:
Word
Denotation
Connotation (Emotional)
Cheap
Low in cost
Low-quality, undesirable
Old
Not new
Wise or frail
Skinny
Very thin
Fragile, unhealthy
Courageous
Brave
Risky, reckless (sometimes)
This simple table shows that words are not just words — they carry a story beyond
their dictionary definition.
Step 7: Conclusion – The Beauty of Language
The inverse relationship between connotation and denotation reminds us that language
is alive. Words are not just tools for communication; they are carriers of emotion,
culture, and imagination. A single word can be both neutral and emotionally charged,
literal and symbolic.
In literature, speeches, advertising, and even daily conversations, this relationship
shapes meaning, persuasion, and expression. Understanding it allows us to choose our
words wisely, avoid misunderstandings, and appreciate the subtle artistry of language.
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